Using the passive voice has a number of disadvantages.
It tends to sound rather formal and remote:
Volunteers were sought to set up the tables.
It can lead to rather complicated expressions:
The opinions of staff and governors were sought and although there were some reservations it was decided that a questionnaire should be distributed to parents.
Sentence 1 would be better as:
They asked for volunteers to set up the tables.
Sentence 2 Would be simpler if it were made active:
We asked staff and governors for their views. Although not everyone agreed completely, we decided to send a questionnaire to parents.
On the other hand, the passive can make sentences shorter and clearer. For example, this:
She was run over by a car travelling at excessive speed and overtaking on the wrong side.
is better than:
A car travelling at excessive speed and overtaking on the wrong side ran her over.
The first sentence has a short subject She and is easy to follow. The subject of the second sentence is too long and we lose the sense before we get to the verb.
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TRANSITIVE VERBS (verbs that take an object) can be used in two ways, or ‘voices’: active and passive:
ACTIVE: The dog bit him.
PASSIVE: He was bitten by the dog.
Transitive verbs usually describe some kind of action. In the sentence The dog bit him, you have a person, thing, or idea that performs the action and one that is affected by it. The first is the subject The dog and the second the object him. When we put a sentence into the passive voice, the object him becomes the subject He. The original subject The dog becomes the agent and has the preposition by placed in front of it. In everyday writing the active voice is much more common than the passive.
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An ABBREVIATION composed of the first letters of other words so that the abbreviation itself forms a word. For example:
CRASH: Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities.
Aids: acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Acronyms are treated just like ordinary words in a sentence, and may be composed of all capital letters, or of an initial capital followed by small letters. For example:
Of 34 mothers who gave birth to children with Aids at his hospital, only four had any symptoms of the disease.
Daily Telegraph
An abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately is called an initialism. For example:
WHO BBC .
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Noun can be divided into two groups: concrete and abstract. Concrete nouns refer to people, places, and things that can be experienced using our five senses. Abstract nouns refer to thoughts, ideas, and imaginings that cannot:
CONCRETE ABSTRACT
man manliness
table tabulation
author authorship
Too many obscure abstractions can make a piece of writing difficult to read. See, for example, the sentence in bold type in the following extract:
Such people may be keen to work, but unable to find jobs because none are available in their occupation or in their geographical area, so that retraining or rehousing would be necessary to increase the chances of employment. It could also be that there is a general deficiency of demand for labour throughout the economy, in which case the involuntarily unemployed workers will face fierce competition for the jobs that do become available.
A general deficiency of demand for labour throughout the economy is just a pompous and long-winded way of saying that there aren’t enough jobs to go round. On the other hand there are also many everyday abstract nouns that are simple and direct:
happiness failure truth beauty
It would be perverse to try to avoid abstract nouns such as these, so the use of abstract nouns in writing is a question of judgement.
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The presentation of abbreviations in writing raises two questions:
 Should I use full stops?
 Do I use capital or small letters?
Full stops
 Normally if you use initial (first) letters to represent words there is no need to put a full stop after them:
UK BBC
 In North America, however, it is more common to use a full stop (or ‘period’) after initial letters.
 If the abbreviation consists of the first and last letters of the word, then you do not use a full stop:
Mr Ltd
 If the abbreviation consists of the first part of a word, you put a full stop at the end:
Wed. Dec.
Capital or small letters
Normally if you use the first letter of a word in an abbreviation a capital letter is used:
HND BAA HSBC
One well-known exception to this rule is the abbreviation plc for public limited company, although this is also sometimes written PLC.
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There is a limit to the meaning you can express with the conjunction and. If someone says She has not been very successful and she is looking for another career, we can probably work out that looking for another career is a result of not being very successful, but sometimes joining two clauses by and can leave the connection to them very unclear:
The new CEO was appointed and Martin resigned.
This sentence describes two events but it doesn’t show what connection there was between them–always supposing there was any connection at all. We could link the two clauses in ways that did show a connection. For example:
Before the new CEO was appointed Martin resigned.
After the new CEO was appointed Martin resigned.
Although the new CEO was appointed Martin resigned.
The new CEO was appointed so Martin resigned.
and so on.
In compound sentences the clauses joined together are of equal status; we can cut the sentence up into clauses and each of them will become an independent simple sentence. Complex sentences work in a different way. One of the clauses is the main clause and the others are subordinate to it. The subordinate clauses form a single component of the main clause: subject, object, complement, or adverbial. In the first of each of the pairs of sentences that follow the subordinate clause is in bold type. In the second sentence it has been replaced by a word or short phrase.
 SUBJECT
What you did yesterday was inexcusable.
It was inexcusable.
 OBJECT
I cannot forgive what you did yesterday.
I cannot forgive your action.
 COMPLEMENT
That is what I admire about Billie.
That is it.
 ADVERBIAL
After the new CEO was appointed Martin resigned.
Afterwards Martin resigned.
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Multiple sentences are made by combining clauses. The simplest way of doing this is to use the grammatical equivalent of a plus sign:
She has not been very successful + she is looking for another career.
The commonest words to do this job are:
and but or
It is possible to string together as many clauses as you like in this way:
She has not been very successful and she is looking for another career, but so far she has not had much luck and has decided to try a different tack or even give up altogether, but . . . .
Until your readers either get lost or give up in disgust!
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If a sentence consists of one clause it is described as a simple sentence. Each of the following is a simple sentence:
Mary writes books.
She has not been very successful.
She is looking for another career.
If a sentence contains more than one clause it is described as a multiple sentence. Each of the following sentences is multiple:
She has not been very successful and She is looking for another career.
Although Mary writes books, She has not been very successful.
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More often an adverbial is not essential to the grammar of the clause it is in. In each case of the sentences that follow the adverbial is in bold type.
He found a secret passage behind the fireplace.
She is usually a very happy child.
Last week Mr and Mars Holt came to see us.
In each case if you remove the adverbial the clause is still grammatical and still makes sense. As the examples show, adverbials can occur in different positions in the clause.
Sometimes they can be moved to a different position:
He found a secret passage behind the fireplace.
Behind the fireplace he found a secret passage.
This does not mean that they can be placed anywhere in the clause. The following arrangement is impossible:
He behind the fireplace found a secret passage.
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There remains one clause component that is much less straightforward: adverbials. These are words or phrases that answer question such as:
 Where?
Here down the road
 When?
Later after a few hours
 How?
Slowly with great difficulty
 Why?
For the sake of the children because of the bad weather.
In a small number of clauses the adverbial is an essential component, just like a verb or an object; they are required by the type of verb used:
 subject+verb+adverbial
They have been living on their savings.
 subject+verb+object+adverbial
I placed the book on the table.
If you remove the adverbial from these clause you destroy their grammar and leave questions unanswered:
 They have been living …
 How?
 On their savings.
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