A version of a language spoken in a particular geographical area or by a particular group of people. The English spoken in Newcastle is different from that spoken by natives of North Cornwall. Not only do speakers in these two areas have a different accent, they also use a number of different words. Different dialects also use slightly different grammar, too. For example, in Devon some people say ‘They do have. . .’ in preference to ‘They have . . .’ Such regional expressions are not ‘wrong’, they simply differ from Standard English. They are sometime described as ‘non-standard.
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A class of words that forms an important part of many Noun phrases. The determiner comes before the noun and helps to define it. Common determiners are:
A an the
This that these those
Some any no
Many few little much.
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A punctuation mark that looks like an extended hyphen. It comes in two sizes, an em dash (-) and an en dash (-).
An em dash is used to mark a break in sentences:
 It can be used in pairs to show words in Parenthesis:
In brute material terms he was an accomplice – in fact, a conspirator – to the murder of millions of children.
 It can introduce something that develops, or is an example of, what has gone before:
You must have seen it, I am sure – the blue flag with a white square in the middle.
 In more formal writing, a colon would be used instead of a dash.
 It can introduce an aside by the writer:
I occupied Piers’ old studio and Toby the three guest rooms – this purely for company.
 In direct speech it can show that someone breaks off in mid sentence, or is interrupted:
I smiled and she said, ‘You mean you want me to – ?
An en dash is used to show sequences:
1999-2000
An A-Z guide.
In sequences either use from 1999 to 2000 or 1999-2000; mixing the two styles, e.g. from 1999-2000, is wrong.
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A verb that can be used as a normal verb and also as a modal auxiliary verb. For this reason it is sometimes described as a ‘semi-modal’ verb. As a normal verb it is followed by the infinitive form of the ver:
He dared to criticize the leader outright.
As a modal auxiliary verb it is followed by the verb stem:
But I dare say you like apples.
She dared not complain.
It can also stand alone in expressions such as:
Don’t you dare!
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A noun that has both a singular and a plural form. Most nouns are countable, because they refer to things that can be counted. A small number of nouns do not regularly have a plural form and are called uncountable.
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