This tense is formed by had been followed by the Present Participle:
She had been writing.
Uses:
To refer to an action that continued over a period in the past:
He had been studying hard for some hours.
To refer to a continuing action in the past contrasted with a single completed action in the past:
Timothy Harris, 33, had been working in Ilfracombe, Devon, when he met his girlfriend Faye Whitehead.
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In regular verbs it is the same as the past tense form and is made by adding -ed to the verb stem (or just -d if the verb ends with the letter -e). In Irregular verbs it is formed in different ways.
The past participle is used to form a number of tenses:
 Present Perfect: I have smiled.
 Past Perfect: I had smiled.
 Future Perfect: I shall have smiled.
It is also used to form past tense with Modal Auxiliaries (I might have smiled, I should have smiled, etc.).
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This tense is formed by was or were followed by the Present Participle of the main verb:
He was writing.
Uses:
To show how one event occurred during another event:
While they were talking, they heard a terrific roar.
To refer to a completed event that went on over a period of time:
I was working there in 1933.
This tense is sometimes referred to as the ‘imperfect’ tense.
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Transitive verbs can be used in two different ways, called voices: active and passive.
Active: A vicious Rottweiler dog attacked them.
Passive: They were attacked by a vicious Rottweiler dog.
In the passive voice it is as if the object of the sentence gets a voice of its own and can describe an event from its own point of view.
This applies even if the original subject is inanimate:
Active: A big wave hit the side of the paddle wheel.
Passive: The side of the paddle wheel was hit by a big wave.
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A Modal Auxiliary Verb used to refer to possible, rather than actual, events. It expresses a view about how desirable an action might be and is normally followed by the Infinitive of the main verb:
You ought to go and see a doctor.
It can also stand alone:
No, I ought not.
Negative:
The negative form of verb phrases containing ought is formed simply by adding not: you ought not to go and see the doctor. It is not standard English to use didn’t ought to.
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A number of dots, usually three, which are used to show that something has been missed out from a sentence. They have two main uses:
 To reduce the length of a quotation, and/or to cut it down to its essentials:
Endearing anecdotes about the great man follow, the sort that ‘cling … to all really great journalists’.
 In Direct speech to show that the speaker did not complete what he or she was saying:
‘I really have to sit down’.
‘Just see if you can go a little …’
Zero collapsed.
Some writers prefer to use a Dash for this purpose:
‘I really have to sit down’.
‘Just see if you can go a little –‘
Zero collapsed.
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Part of a clause that completes the Object. In statements it follows the object and refers to the same person, place, or thing:
Subject Verb Object Object Complement
She appointed him deputy party chairman
The object complement can be:
 A Noun:
I appointed him skipper.
 An Adjective or Adjective Phrase:
Cameron made him uneasy.
 A Noun Phrase:
Both the ancient universities made him an honorary doctor.
 A Noun Clause:
He made it what it is today.
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In a statement the object:
 Normally comes after the Verb.
 Is governed by the verb.
 Refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is different from the Subject.
 Often refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is acted on or affected by the subject.
 Can be a noun, a pronoun, a noun phrase, or a noun clause:
REST OF SENTENCE OBJECT TYPE
She lost consciousness. Noun
She lost it. Pronoun
She lost her libel case. Noun Phrase
Most families what was virtually Noun Clause
their only source of income.
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A group words built up round a single noun, which is called the Headword of the phrase. The noun phrases that follow all have the same headword, books:
Books.
Some books.
Some books about photography.
Some excellent books about photography.
Some really excellent books about photography.
In clauses noun phrases can be:
 Subject:
The hairy hand holding out the review to her was insistent.
 Object:
Harry lifted his bushy eyebrows at Elizabeth.
 Subject Complement:
It was a stirring tune.
 Object Complement:
But now the party faithful have appointed him crisis manager of a party still threatened by disintegration.
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A subordinate clause in a complex sentence forming one of the following elements:
 Subject:
What they want to do next is to use deuterium and tritium in the machine.
 Object:
We don’t just let them do what they want to do.
 Subject Complement:
This what they want to do.
 Object Complement:
He made it what it is today.
A noun clause can also be the object of a Preposition:
Women make their own minds up about what they want to do.
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