These are commonly introduced by the conjunctions because, since, and as:
Hindley and Catherine were angry because they had not received any presents.
It was not difficult for Anne since she had been encouraged by her father to practice her clog dancing on the kitchen hearth.
Non-Finite Clauses are constructed using the Present Participle:
I knew about them because of being at Art college.
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This punctuation mark is used to mark the end of a question. It can also be used to indicate that the writer believes that a statement is doubtful or questionable:
Who is Sylvia?
All was going well until a passing lad with a sense of fun (?) pulled out the plug.
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Adverbial clauses of purpose often begin with so that:
She sat forward so that she could see into the car’s wing mirror.
Infinitive clauses are also frequently used for this purpose, introduced by in order to, so as to, or just to:
Someone may grab your collar with both hands in order to headbutt you in the face.
In the example above in order to could be replaced by either so as to or to.
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A group of words that refer to people, places, and things that are unique. In written English, they are spelled with an initial CAPITAL LETTER:
Botswana Harry
You could object that there is more than one Harry in the world, but in speech and writing when we use the word Harry it always refers to a unique individual.
Proper nouns can also consist of more than one word:
The Oxford Dictionary of English The Houses of parliament.
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This is a large group of pronouns which refer less precisely than the others. They include:
Some someone somebody something
Any anyone anybody anything
None no one nobody nothing
Everyone everybody everything all
Either neither both each
For example:
As I keep saying, I don’t need you or anybody else to tell me what I can or cannot do.
He could hear nothing.
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The relative pronouns are:
Who, whom, whose, that, which.
They are used to introduce Relative Clauses:
The artist who did my album cover used an airbrush and I got him to do three guitars for me.
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The interrogative pronouns are :
Who, whom, whose, what, which.
They are used in the formation of questions:
What is homeopathy?
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The demonstrative pronouns are:
This, that, these, those.
When these words stand alone, they are pronouns; for example, in sentences like this:
The strong – those in powerful Unions – gained at the expense of the weak.
They can also be used before a noun, in which case they are not pronouns but Determiners:
This decision will cause greater uncertainly.
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The Reflexive Pronouns are :
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
They are used in sentences such as:
‘Make yourselves comfortable here,’ he snapped.
As we tried to calm ourselves with sweet coffee, a swiss traveler appeared.
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The possessive pronouns are:
Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs.
They are used in sentences such as:
My cooking’s probably even worse than yours.
Michael Joseph says there has been no breach: ‘The Sunday Times’s promotion is theirs, not ours’.
These are true pronouns because they stand alone, without being attached to a noun, by contrast with my, our, etc. which always come before a noun and are better referred to as Possessive Determiners.
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